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Django 部署到Nginx(Django+uwsgi+Nginx完整部署过程-博客园)

原理

Django+uwsgi+Nginx的工作模式如下图所示,三个服务各司其职,分别为:

  1. Nginx负责接收浏览器的连接,静态文件Nginx能够自己处理,有诸如查询数据库,判断输入数据等,调用uwsgi。
  2. uwsgi为web网关服务网关接口,起到桥梁的作用,连接Django应用和Nginx。对于Nginx的调用,会发回给Django应用。
  3. Django实际的生产者,处理业务逻辑,读写数据库,流程判断等,实现网站具体的功能。

 

部署流程

一、完成的Django项目

首先,要有一个完成的Django项目,通过浏览器能打开。

在我的服务器上有一个tutotial的Django项目,是个博客的学习项目。

使用python manager.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000能够运行。通过浏览器访问是正常的。

 

 二、安装uwsgi并配置

2.1 安装uwsgi。

使用pip工具安装uwsgi,pip install  uwsgi

使用一个测试程序来测试uwsgi能否正常运行。新建一个test.py,内容如下。

test.py

使用命令:uwsgi --http  :8002 --wsgi-file test.py,开启一个uwsgi的服务。--http指访问端口为8002,--wsgi-file 指uwsgi的请求处理函数为test.py。如下图所示,为开启之后正常的输出项

通过浏览器能够访问到该服务。当访问端口8002时,处理函数为test.py中的application,返回一个text,格式为html,内容是“hello world”。

 

2.2 配置uswgi文件

使用uwsgii作为nginx和django之间的搬运工,要将服务长久化就必须写一个配置文件。如下配置文件,路径在django主目录,是对上一步骤的命令行中命令的文件化。其中我们熟悉的配置项:

  1. 对外端口  http:9000,指定服务的开启端口
  2. wsgi-flie   tutorial/wsgi.py 指定请求的处理文件,在django项目中自动创建的文件。位于tutorial/tutorial/wsgi.py

除此之外还有:

  1. chdir django的主目录
  2. socket 和nginx交互的端口。
  3. daemonize 让程序后台运行。默认开启程序时如上图中会在终端中输出连接信息,开启该项配置关闭输出信息。

uwsgi起到一个桥梁的作用,具体体现在:wsgi-file连接django项目,socket连接Nginx。

 

uwsgi.ini

 

[uwsgi]
# 对外提供 http 服务的端口
http = :9000
#the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx 用于和 nginx 进行数据交互的端口
socket = 127.0.0.1:8001
# the base directory (full path) django 程序的主目录
chdir = /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial
# Django's wsgi file
wsgi-file = tutorial/wsgi.py
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 4
#thread numbers startched in each worker process
threads = 2
#monitor uwsgi status 通过该端口可以监控 uwsgi 的负载情况
stats = 127.0.0.1:9191
# clear environment on exit
vacuum = true
# 后台运行,并输出日志
daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi.log
[uwsgi] # 对外提供 http 服务的端口 http = :9000 #the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx 用于和 nginx 进行数据交互的端口 socket = 127.0.0.1:8001 # the base directory (full path) django 程序的主目录 chdir = /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial # Django's wsgi file wsgi-file = tutorial/wsgi.py # maximum number of worker processes processes = 4 #thread numbers startched in each worker process threads = 2 #monitor uwsgi status 通过该端口可以监控 uwsgi 的负载情况 stats = 127.0.0.1:9191 # clear environment on exit vacuum = true # 后台运行,并输出日志 daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi.log
[uwsgi]
# 对外提供 http 服务的端口
http = :9000

#the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx   用于和 nginx 进行数据交互的端口
socket = 127.0.0.1:8001

# the base directory (full path)  django 程序的主目录
chdir = /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial

# Django's wsgi file
wsgi-file = tutorial/wsgi.py

# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 4

#thread numbers startched in each worker process
threads = 2

#monitor uwsgi status  通过该端口可以监控 uwsgi 的负载情况
stats = 127.0.0.1:9191


# clear environment on exit
vacuum          = true
# 后台运行,并输出日志
daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi.log

 

 

2.3 运行uwsgi

使用uwsgi可执行文件,载入uwsgi.ini配置文件。

 

当程序运行之后,有两个端口可以访问到:

  1. http:9000 能够通过端口9000访问
  2. socket 预留给Nginx访问。

如下使用9000端口,访问到django的项目。

 

三、安装Nginx服务器

3.1 安装Nginx

使用apt-get install nginx,一键安装nginx。

 

3.2 配置nginx

上面的配置中,uswgi已经连接到django,大桥的一端已经通车,剩下的就nginx和uwsgi合龙。nginx的配置项路径为:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf。如下是nginx的完整配置文件,修改如下蓝色字体。在http的配置项中增加了一个server配置项,该server就是连接uwsgi服务的配置。

 

/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

 

user root;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 768;
# multi_accept on;
}
http {
##
# Basic Settings
##
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
# server_tokens off;
# server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
# server_name_in_redirect off;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
##
# SSL Settings
##
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
##
# Logging Settings
##
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
##
# Gzip Settings
##
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
# gzip_vary on;
# gzip_proxied any;
# gzip_comp_level 6;
# gzip_buffers 16 8k;
# gzip_http_version 1.1;
# gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
##
# Virtual Host Configs
##
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
server {
#这里是访问时用到的端口
listen 8000;
server_name 127.0.0.1;
charset UTF-8;
#这块存让日志文件
access_log /var/log/nginx/SchoolBuy_access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/SchoolBuy_error.log;
client_max_body_size 75M;
location / { #一定要有该配置项
include uwsgi_params;
#同uwsgi内容,连接uwsgi的socket。
uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8001;
#链接超时时间
uwsgi_read_timeout 30;
}
location /static/ {
autoindex on;
#这里的路径一定要到达静态文件的文件夹。即collectedstatic/,重点在最后的横杠。不然会报错
alias /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial/collectedstatic/;
}
location /media/ {
autoindex on;
alias /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial/media/;
}
}
}
#mail {
# # See sample authentication script at:
# #http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
#
# # auth_http localhost/auth.php;
# # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
# # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
#
# server {
# listen 8088;
# protocol pop3;
# proxy on;
# }
#
# server {
# listen localhost:143;
# protocol imap;
# proxy on;
# }
#}
user root; worker_processes auto; pid /run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 768; # multi_accept on; } http { ## # Basic Settings ## sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; # server_tokens off; # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; # server_name_in_redirect off; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; ## # SSL Settings ## ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; ## # Logging Settings ## access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; ## # Gzip Settings ## gzip on; gzip_disable "msie6"; # gzip_vary on; # gzip_proxied any; # gzip_comp_level 6; # gzip_buffers 16 8k; # gzip_http_version 1.1; # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript; ## # Virtual Host Configs ## include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; server { #这里是访问时用到的端口 listen 8000; server_name 127.0.0.1; charset UTF-8; #这块存让日志文件 access_log /var/log/nginx/SchoolBuy_access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/SchoolBuy_error.log; client_max_body_size 75M; location / { #一定要有该配置项 include uwsgi_params; #同uwsgi内容,连接uwsgi的socket。 uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8001; #链接超时时间 uwsgi_read_timeout 30; } location /static/ { autoindex on; #这里的路径一定要到达静态文件的文件夹。即collectedstatic/,重点在最后的横杠。不然会报错 alias /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial/collectedstatic/; } location /media/ { autoindex on; alias /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial/media/; } } } #mail { # # See sample authentication script at: # #http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript # # # auth_http localhost/auth.php; # # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER"; # # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS"; # # server { # listen 8088; # protocol pop3; # proxy on; # } # # server { # listen localhost:143; # protocol imap; # proxy on; # } #}
user root;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections 768;
    # multi_accept on;
}

http {

    ##
    # Basic Settings
    ##

    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    # server_tokens off;

    # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
    # server_name_in_redirect off;

    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    ##
    # SSL Settings
    ##

    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    ##
    # Logging Settings
    ##

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

    ##
    # Gzip Settings
    ##

    gzip on;
    gzip_disable "msie6";

    # gzip_vary on;
    # gzip_proxied any;
    # gzip_comp_level 6;
    # gzip_buffers 16 8k;
    # gzip_http_version 1.1;
    # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

    ##
    # Virtual Host Configs
    ##

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
server {
        #这里是访问时用到的端口
        listen       8000;
        server_name  127.0.0.1;
        charset UTF-8;
        #这块存让日志文件
        access_log  /var/log/nginx/SchoolBuy_access.log;
        error_log   /var/log/nginx/SchoolBuy_error.log;
        client_max_body_size 75M;
        location / {            #一定要有该配置项
            include uwsgi_params;
            #同uwsgi内容,连接uwsgi的socket。
            uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8001;
            #链接超时时间
            uwsgi_read_timeout 30;
        }

          location /static/ {
               autoindex on;
               #这里的路径一定要到达静态文件的文件夹。即collectedstatic/,重点在最后的横杠。不然会报错
               alias /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial/collectedstatic/; 
               }

          location /media/ {
                  autoindex on;
                alias /home/ccf/code/django_learn/tutorial/media/;
          }
}
}


#mail {
#    # See sample authentication script at:
#    #http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
# 
#    # auth_http localhost/auth.php;
#    # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
#    # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
# 
#    server {
#        listen     8088;
#        protocol   pop3;
#        proxy      on;
#    }
# 
#    server {
#        listen     localhost:143;
#        protocol   imap;
#        proxy      on;
#    }
#}

 

listen                                      nginx监听的端口

include uwsgi_params           必填项

uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8001  连接uwsgi的socket的端口。

其中稍难理解的是location/staic 和 location/media。简单来讲,在一个完整的django项目中,为了便于django发布应用,就是部署到web服务器,会将所有的静态文件和图形图像文件放在一个指定的文件夹中,这样Nginx收到请求之后就不用再去询问django,而是直接去指定的静态文件夹中获取。该方法极大的增加了并发的数量。static和media就是django的两个静态文件夹,在我的环境中如下:

media文件根据django项目而定是否有,如果没有collectedstatic文件夹要执行如下两步:

1、配置setting.py文件,添加STATIC_ROOT配置项,指定静态文件的收集文件夹当前路径下的collectedstatic/,当前路径指django主项目路径。

2、执行 python manage.py collectstatic,收集所有的静态文件。

3、可以查看在django主目录下出现了collectedstatic,内容如下,为admin的后台的css,js等文件和blog项目的静态文件。

 

3.3 使配置生效

Nginx检查配置文件

nginx -t 是nginx检查配置文件是否有错误的命令,如果正常,输出如下:

使配置文件生效

nginx -s  reload 是nginx重新载入配置文件的命令,可以让配置项生效。

 

3.4 浏览器访问

浏览器能够正常访问,部署成功。

 

 

THE END
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